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Common characteristics of all pellet fuels?
Although the chemical constituents and moisture content of different biomass materials vary, the Pellet Fuel Institute has identified the common characteristics and developed the fuel standards.
These voluntary industry standards will assume as much uniformity in the pellet fuel as is possible for naturally grown materials. PFI graded fuel must meet tests for the following areas:
- Density-consistent hardness and energy content (minimum 40 pounds/ cubic foot)
- Dimensions-length (1 1/2″ maximum) and diameter (1/4″or 5/16″) to assure” predictable fuel amounts and to prevent fuel jamming
- Fines-limited amount of sawdust from pellet breakdown to avoid dust while loading and problems with pellet flow during operation (amount of fines passing through 1/8″ screen no more than .5% by weight)”
- Chlorides-limited salt content (no more than 300 parts per million) to avoid stove or vent rusting
- Ash-important factor in the maintenance frequency.
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Difference between standard and premium grade fuel?
All of the measurable characteristics defined by Pellet fuel Institute standards are basically the same except for ash content in both grades. Standard grade pellet fuel (up to 3% ash content) is typically derived from materials which result in more residual ash, such as sawdust containing tree bark (which contains more impurities) or agricultural residues like nut hulls.
Therefore standard pellets should only be used in stoves designated for their use whereas Premium grade pellet fuel (less than 1% ash content) is usually produced from soft or hardwood sawdust containing no tree bark. Ash content varies in premium fuels from about .3% for western softwoods to about .7% in eastern hardwoods.
95% of current production is made of Premium pellets fuel and can generally be burned in stoves calling for either standard or premium fuel. Increased availability of the standard fuel is planned as stove designs continue to improve ash their tolerance. The ash content will determine the fuel grade because of its role in maintenance frequency. It is the prime factor that determines maintenance frequency of ash removal from the appliance and venting system. In the early version of pellet stove designs, fuel compatibility was the critical factor that determined whether a stove worked well or not.
Pellet Fuel grade and specific ash content within a fuel grade are still to be considered, but advances in pellet stove technology are making fuel choice wider and easier. The size of the ash drawer, fuel feed and grate design, proper venting, correct operation and maintenance all play a part in maintenance frequency.
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